Chapters Matter!: The different impacts of Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 on divorce obligations.

Chapters Matter!:  The different impacts of Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 on divorce obligations.

Published on July 19, 2016 by: Ian M. Falcone

This article is intended for bankruptcy and family law professionals.

Not all bankruptcy chapters are created equally!  It is important to understand how the different chapters function and how that impacts the debtor.

The Automatic Stay:

The filing of any bankruptcy case invokes an “automatic stay.” (See 11 USC 362)  The “stay” is an order that “prevents the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against the debtor that was or could have been commenced before the commencement of the case under this title, or to recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case.”  While many family court judges take the cautious position that the automatic stay prevents a divorce case from proceeding, this is not accurate.

For example, the automatic stay does not prevent the commencement or continuation of a proceeding for the establishment of paternity, for the establishment or modification of an order for domestic support obligations, for the establishment or modification of child custody or visitation, for the dissolution of a marriage, except to the extent that such proceeding seeks to determine the division of property that is property of the estate and issues regarding domestic violence (11 U.S.C. 362(b)(2)(A))

One key issue to remember is that the automatic stay only applies to “property of the estate.”  In a Chapter 7 case (liquidation), the estate can be loosely defined as all of the debtor’s assets at the time of filing (11 U.S.C. 541).  In a Chapter 13 (reorganization) case, the estate includes all of the debtor’s assets at the time of filing, plus any income earned during the pendency of the case (11 U.S.C. 1306(a)(2)) 

Thus, if a contempt action is pending against the Debtor when a Chapter 7 case is filed, the Family Court may be able to proceed and force the debtor to repay the debt from post-petition earnings (it is always best to obtain stay relief to be safe).   In a Chapter 13 case, the contempt case could not proceed.  However, in a Chapter 13 case any arrearage would be paid through the Chapter 13 Plan as a priority debt.  Unfortunately, the bankruptcy court may be far more lenient than the Family Court judge would have been to the debtor.  

Discharge
Sec 523 of the Bankruptcy Code provides the exceptions to discharge.  The most important sections, as regards divorce related obligations, are 523(a)(5) and 523(a)(15).  Traditionally, these sections, although somewhat inaccurate, are referred to as "domestic support obligations" (523(a)(5)) and "property settlement" (523(a)(15)).

If a debt qualifies as a "domestic support obligation," it cannot be discharged under any chapter. Unfortunately, determining whether a debt is, in fact, a DSO can be a challenge.   (See my blog article published August 10, 2013 (Bankruptcy and Divorce: A basic outline for the f...) for a detailed explanation.)  However, "property settlements" are treated very differently under Chapter 7 and Chapter 13.  Debts included in Sec 523(a)(15) are not discharged in a Chapter 7 case, but are discharged in a  completed Chapter 13 case.  (See 11 U.S.C. 1328(a)(2).  The omission of a reference to 523(a)(15) allows a “property settlement” (“other debt”) to be discharged.)
 Section 523(a)(15) includes debts "to a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor and not of the kind described in paragraph (5) that is incurred by the debtor in the course of a divorce or separation or in connection with a separation agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of record, or a determination made in accordance with State or territorial law by a governmental unit."  This definition is far more expansive than most attorneys realize.  The term "in the course of a divorce or separation or in connection with a separation agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of record" has been interpreted to include almost any obligation that arises in the context of a divorce, custody or support modification, contempt action, and any other related actions.  (“the Award granted to Respondent in connection with defending her rights under the divorce decree falls within the meaning of 523(a)(15).”  In re Howerton, N.D.Ga. 12-01055.  See also In re Koscielski 2011 WL 338634 (Bankr. N.D. Ill, January 31, 2011) concluding that attorneys fees incurred in connection with enforcement of a divorce decree were non-dischargeable pursuant to 11 USC 523(a)(15), In re Cavagnetto, 2012 WL 6585560 (Bankr N.D. Ill 2012) holding that attorneys fees as a sanction against the debtor for filing a baseless complaint in connection with divorce proceedings were not dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. 523 (a)(15), Zimmerman v. Hying, 477 B.R. 731 (Bankr. E.D. Wis. 2012) attorneys fees ordered pursuant to post-divorce contempt proceedings non-dischargeable under both 523(a)(5) and 523(a)(15)).

Adversary Proceeding and Other Options
The 2005 amendments to the Bankruptcy Code eliminated the need for a creditor to file an adversary proceeding (Complaint to Determine Dischargeability) for any debts other than those under 523(a)(2), (4) and (6).  DSOs and property settlements are not part of those sections.  State family law courts have concurrent jurisdiction to determine whether a debt is dischargeable under 523(a)(5) and (a)(15).  Cummings v. Cummings, 244 F.3d 1263 (11th Cir. 2001); Eden v. Robert A Chapski, Ltd., 405 F.3d 582 (7th Cir. 2005)).  Thus, in the context of a Chapter 7 filing, it may be advisable to wait until the Chapter 7 case is completed and proceed with a contempt action in front of the family law judge whose order has been violated.

In the context of a Chapter 13 case, it is crucial to determine whether a debt is a DSO or property settlement very early in the case.   A DSO debt will be paid in its entirety as a priority, while a property settlement obligation will typically be treated as a general unsecured debt and paid a percentage of the amount owed.  While an adversary can be filed, it may be easier to file an objection to the treatment of the claim in the Chapter 13 plan.

Conclusion
Before advising any client, it is imperative to understand their situation completely.  You should review their underlying documents to determine whether an obligation is likely a DSO or merely a property settlement.   Only then, can you make appropriate recommendations about the impact of their bankruptcy filing.   

Supreme Court Cracks Down on Stripping! (Lien Stripping Junior Mortgages, that is!)

Supreme Court Cracks Down on Stripping! (Lien Stripping Junior Mortgages, that is!)

Published on June 1, 2014 by: Ian M. Falcone

In 2012, the Eleventh Circuit held that, contrary to common belief at the time, a junior mortgage that is wholly unsecured, was not considered a secured debt and therefore, could be stripped off or voided in a Chapter 7 case.  (See McNeal v. GMAC Mortgage, 735 F. 3d 1263 (11th Cir. 2012).  Learning of this opportunity, Debtors' lawyers filed motion after motion to strip off these junior mortgages.  Earlier today, the party ended;  the United States Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision, held that junior mortgages, even those that are wholly unsecured, can not be stripped off.  

The issue of lien stripping turns on the definition of whether or not a debt is secured.  "Section 506(a)(1) of provides that "[a]n allowed claim of a credit secured by a lien on property . . is a secured claim to the extent of the value of such creditor's interest in  . .  such property," and "an unsecured claim to the extent that the value of such creditor's interest . . . is less than the amount of such allowed claim." Bank of America, N.A. v. Caulkett, 575 U.S. _____ (2015).  The Court went on to explain that under 506(a), where a senior mortgage exceeds the fair market value of the real property, it would certainly seem that the junior mortgage, by definition is not secured.

Unfortunately, as the Supreme Court went on to explain, the "Court has already adopted a construction of the term 'secured claim; in 506(d) that forecloses this textual analysis.'"  Bank of America, N.A. v. Caulkett, 575 U.S. _____ (2015) (referring to Dewsnup v. Timm, 502 U.S. 410 (1992)).  In Dewsnup, the Court, rather than relying on the statutory meaning, concluded that a "secured" claim was one in which a security interest existed regardless of the value of the collateral.

The Debtors in Caulkett tried to convince the Court, as the McNeal court did, between partially secured liens and wholly unsecured mortgages.   The Court refused to draw such  distinction.

Thus, it appears that Chapter 7 debtors are now stuck with all mortgages on their homes, regardless of the fair market value of the real property.   It was a nice party while it lasted.

What you don’t know can hurt you!

What you don’t know can hurt you!

Published on April 1, 2014 by: Ian M. Falcone

A couple sits down in your office to discuss a potential bankruptcy case.  They have $40,000 in credit card debt, own one car worth $4000 with no debt on it, another that is leased, and a house that is under water.   Their combined income is $40,000.  They are current on the house and car payments.  They can pay everything except the credit card debts.  They are being contacted by debt collectors and have a lawsuit pending against them.  They need help.   You suggest a Chapter 7.  Sounds like a simple case, right? 

Most practitioners rely on their clients to provide the bulk of the information needed to complete the voluminous bankruptcy paperwork.  Credit reports help identify creditors.  Websites such as Kelly Blue Book, NADA, Zillow and local tax commissioner offices help establish values.   But, is that enough?

In United States Bank Nat’l Ass’n v. Gordon, 289 Ga. 12 (2011) the Trustee raised the bar.  In that case, the Trustee successfully argued that the security deed, which failed to contain the signature of an official or unofficial witness, was invalid.  As a result, the bank’s lien never attached to the real property and upon the debtor’s bankruptcy filing, the Trustee effectively took the property free of that purported lien.

What lesson should the Debtor bar take away from this situation?  What you don’t know can hurt you!  Conducting an independent analysis is good practice.

O.C.G.A. §44-14-33 states:

In order to admit a mortgage to record, it must be attested by or acknowledged before an officer as prescribed for the attestation or acknowledgment of deeds of bargain and sale; and, in the case of real property, a mortgage must also be attested or acknowledged by one additional witness. In the absence of fraud, if a mortgage is duly filed, recorded, and indexed on the appropriate county land records, such recordation shall be deemed constructive notice to subsequent bona fide purchasers.

That means, a deed should contain:

1.              A notary signature and seal

2.              An unofficial witness signature

3.              A description of the property

A cursory examination of your client’s deed before filing will save you a lot of headaches (including the possibility of a malpractice claim) later.  Deeds in Georgia can be found at:  https://www.gsccca.org.